Magnetic-field strength refers to the amount of magnetism that a given magnet can attract and hold. This is a crucial feature to consider when choosing a magnetic product for any application.

Measuring the strength of a magnet is done in several different ways, depending on the needs of the application. Some of the most common measurements include:

gauss and tesla (10,000 gauss equals one tesla)

A gauss is an SI unit that measures the magnetic flux density produced by a magnet. This is calculated by dividing the total electromotive force in volts per second at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field by the area of a wire carrying that current.

It is also possible to measure a magnet’s remanence in gauss by using a gauss meter or hall probe. This remanence value is then multiplied by the coercivity of the magnet, to determine its maximum energy product.

Another commonly used measurement for a magnet’s strength is its pull force, which is measured in kilograms and newtons. This is the force required to pull a magnet away from a flat metal surface when making full surface-to-surface contact with that metal. The grade of the metal, surface condition and angle of pull have all an impact on the pulling power of a magnet.

Mega gauss oersteds (MGOe)

Magnet grades are determined by the combination of gauss and Oersted measurement results, which are often given in units of mega gauss oersteds. For example, a magnet with a remanence of 1 gauss and coercivity of 1.7 MGOe is considered a high-grade magnet.

Pull-gap testing

A pull-gap tester is a machine that can test the pull strength of a magnet. It tests a magnet over a range of air gaps and plots the results on a hysteresis graph.

Open circuit flux densities of neodymium magnets rarely exceed 6,000 gauss. This is due to the fact that neodymium magnets have a straight line demagnetisation curve.

Pull-gap and open circuit tests are often performed on the same magnet as a remanence or coercivity measurement. This is to ensure that the remanence and coercivity values are comparable.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a spectroscopic technique used to study organic molecules. It uses a strong magnetic field to detect signals from proton nuclei within a sample. The field is induced by the nuclei absorbing electromagnetic radiation at a certain frequency; this frequency is called the Larmor frequency, and is usually in the range of a radio wave.

NMR spectroscopy can be used to detect nuclei with spin, and thus is an excellent tool for investigating the structural details of organic molecules. This type of NMR spectroscopy can be applied to many kinds of samples, and it is particularly useful for organic molecules that are abundant in nature.

The process of detecting a nucleus with spin is quite simple and involves placing the sample in a magnetic field. Then, the nucleus absorbs electromagnetic radiation at a certain frequency; this energy is transferred to the protons of the sample, which jump up to a different (higher) energy state when the sample is placed in a magnetic field that is aligned with the magnetic field.

When the protons are in this higher energy state, they absorb more radiowaves than when they are in the lower energy state. This absorption causes them to flip their spin from the aligned state to the anti-aligned state; this is known as a’spin flip’ and is observed in NMR spectra.

Since the difference in energy between the two states is very small, NMR spectroscopy can be used for identifying individual molecules, even in complex mixtures. It is also an important tool for studying proteins.

In medicine, NMR has also been used to image the soft tissues of the body, such as the brain, heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas and breast, with MRI proving very sensitive to detecting diseased or damaged tissues. This noninvasive and hazard-free technique is now commonly used in the medical field, especially to investigate the organs of the human body, and it has been found effective in detecting cancer cells.

Moreover, NMR is increasingly being used in environmental research and remediation to monitor soils, plants and air-particles in their swollen states. This swollen state is not accessible by most other techniques and this approach allows the detection of molecular conformations and structures in their natural state.

Time-shared NMR experiments are another exciting approach. They combine the sensitivity of high-resolution NMR with computer-assisted structure elucidation to allow structure elucidation from NMR data at natural isotopic abundance, making it possible to determine structures that are not available through other methods.

The basic idea of time-shared NMR is that the NMR spectra of chemically inequivalent environments are Fourier transformed so that each peak corresponds to a specific environment, and that the area underneath each peak represents the number of nuclei in that particular environment. The time-shared sequences can be performed with high-resolution NMR spectroscopy, but can also be based on a solid-state probe.

In order to achieve the high resolution required, NMR spectroscopy requires powerful magnets that have fields ranging from 1 to 20 teslas. While these strong fields make NMR spectroscopy much more expensive than other types of spectroscopy, they are necessary for detecting the very low energy differences between the two spin states. This is because the energy needed to change the atomic spin of an element from one state to the other is very small, less than 0.1 cal/mole. This makes NMR a very useful technique for determining the structure of large and small molecules in the laboratory.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful analytical spectroscopy technique that has far-reaching applications in the physical sciences and industry. It uses a large magnet to probe the intrinsic spin properties of atomic nuclei. The radio frequency waves that are used in NMR promote transitions between nuclear energy levels and produce an electromagnetic signal corresponding to the natural frequencies of the spinning nuclei.

NMR spectra typically reflect chemical shifts and/or coupling constants that are important for structure determination of small molecules. They are also useful for investigating molecular interactions and detecting compounds that exhibit toxic properties.

Typical NMR spectra of organic and inorganic substances include: 1H, 13C, 15N, 19F, and many others. These can be determined by placing a sample in a magnetic field and then excitation it with radio waves.

Most chemists use NMR to obtain the chemical shifts and other information necessary for the determination of a molecule’s structure. NMR spectra are based on the concept that all nuclei have spin and can transfer energy from their base level to higher energy states by a process called’spin flip’, when an external magnetic field is applied. This ‘flip’ also transfers energy when the spin comes back to its base state.

The chemical shift is usually defined by the difference between the resonant frequency of the spinning protons and the signal from a reference molecule. It is the most commonly used property in NMR spectroscopy for structure determination.

Other properties such as scalar and one-bond couplings are also reflected in NMR spectra. These are also important for determining a molecule’s structure and can be compared to the spectra of known references to determine their relative symmetry.

NMR has several advantages over spectroscopic techniques such as MS. First, it is a non-invasive technique that can be performed repeatedly over time. This allows measurement of processes occurring within the cell, which are often difficult to monitor with traditional methods. Second, atomic parameters such as relaxation times and homonuclear and heteronuclear spin couplings contain unique information about cellular metabolism that can be used to distinguish physiologically active or pathological cells.

Moreover, NMR spectroscopy can provide a structural profile of an individual molecule in sufficient detail to reveal its interaction with other molecules and the molecular structure of the receptors that sense it. This is particularly helpful for the study of complex lipids and proteins in large-scale biological systems, including cells.

Besides its high resolution, modern NMR spectroscopy provides excellent signal to noise and is fully quantitative if the sample has been prepared in the correct solvent. It can be applied to any soluble material, and if the samples are cryogenically cooled with nitrogen or helium, it is possible to increase the number of signals detected. In addition, it is a robust and versatile tool for the identification of environmental pollutants, waste water, and other mixtures.